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DOI:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106486 [Google Scholar] Feng ST, You CT, Pan ZK, Gao WY, Wang DD, Hu LL

It effectively modulates the expression of mucin-related genes both in vitro and in vivo , suggesting that butyrate exerts control over genes associated with mucin production

Despite their advantages, peptides face ongoing limitations including stability challenges, delivery constraints, and higher costs compared to traditional pharmaceuticals

Another food derivative, epigallocatechin 3 gallate, a component of polyphenols derived from green tea, was shown to be a potent inhibitor of IL-1-induced MUC5AC gene expression and MUC5AC secretion[97] and has antioxidant activity [98]