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[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 63.Garozzo A, Tempera G, Ungheri D, Timpanaro R, Castro A

doi: 10.1038/s12276-018-0126-x 12 ChenL.SunM.WuW.YangW.HuangX.XiaoY.et al

Under oxidative stress, CSF-cNs upregulated the activity of ATG4 by combining H 2 O 2 with the cysteine 81 sites of ATG4 and activated ATG4-promoted LC3 lipidation, which is essential for autophagy initiation, and promoted the formation of autophagosomes (Scherz-Shouval et al., 2007

Drug-specific variables that may affect half-life Drug formulation (ie, modified or controlled release preparations extend half-life) How the drug behaves in the body (ie, zero-order, first-order, or multi-compartmental pharmacokinetics) How the drug is administered (half-life may be different with IV administration, compared to intranasal or oral administration) How the drug is cleared from the body (eg, kidneys, liver, lungs) If the drug accumulates in fat or other types of tissue If the drug binds to proteins or not Presence of metabolites or other drugs that may interact Properties of the drug, including molecule size, charge, and pKa The volume of distribution of a drug Other variables, such as if the drug is actively transported, is self-induced, or has saturation pharmacokinetics