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Propionyl-L-Carnitine Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR): Known for its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, ALCAR is often used for cognitive support, mental clarity, and mood enhancement

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Another area of increasing interest is the signaling role of astrocytic lactate beyond its role as an energy substrate: emerging evidence demonstrates that lactate induces histone lysine lactylation (e.g., H3K18la), activating transcription factors like Klf4 to regulate genes associated with synaptic plasticity (e.g., Arc, CREB), thereby contributing to epigenetic remodeling during long-term memory formationa mechanism that underscores metabolic signaling as a target for cognitive enhancement (Yao et al., 2023)