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Propionibacteria, e.g., Propionibacterium freudenreichii , have been demonstrated as folate-producing bacteria

EC, (-)-epicatechin

Microglia activation increases the amount of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NFKB) and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), with subsequent upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase and cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) (53, 54)

In mice, low levels of SCFAs, especially butyrate, were observed during middle cerebral artery occlusion (239), whereas high levels of gut microbiota metabolites, especially butyrate, acetate, and propionate, improved prognosis after ischemic stroke (240)