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Interestingly, lactylation of NUSAP1 at lysine 34 prevents its protein degradation and increases its expression in PDAC cells, establishing an NUSAP1-LDHA-glycolysis-lactate loop that promotes PDAC metastasis

Overall, these mechanisms stunt cell proliferation, alter metabolism and gene expression patterns and induce high levels of ROS production, maintaining the cellular senescent phenotype

Copper storage and transportation Copper absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells via the transporter Ctr1 is guided by the copper chaperone Atox1 to ATPase copper transporter 7A (ATP7A) (23)

That means any damage to the extra-articular side is more likely to heal while the intra-articular side (with a very poor blood supply) does not heal well after injury or surgical repair