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Thapa P, Ding N, Hao Y, Alshahrani A, Jiang H, Wei Q

Indeed, in vitro studies showed that cells expressing the sst 5 TMD2 mainly respond to cortistatin, whereas those expressing sst 5 TMD4 were exclusively activated by somatostatin and those bearing the sst 5 TMD1 responded to both ligands (Cordoba-Chacon et al., 5 TMD4, while somatostatin activates the sst 5 TMD5 (Duran-Prado et al., Somatostatin in the brain exerts a wide variety of physiological functions besides the initially described inhibitory effect on growth hormone release

3.3 The role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of DN Diabetes prevalence is rising globally, with diabetic nephropathy (DN)affecting 20%50% of diabeticsbeing the leading cause of ESRD ( 3.3.1 System Xc GSHGPX4 axis imbalance GPX4, the central suppressor of ferroptosis, detoxifies lipid peroxides (PLOOH) with GSH as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of DN ( subunit) and GPX4, with reduced GSH and elevated lipid peroxides under high glucose (HG) ( 3.3.2 Iron overload under high glucose promotes ROS generation and triggers ferroptosis HG disrupts iron homeostasis: upregulated TFR1 (iron uptake) and downregulated FTH1 (iron storage) lead to LIP expansion ( 2+ triggers Fenton reactions, generating ROS and lipid peroxides