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In macrophages, increased HO-1 expression shows the ability to convert mobilized M1 macrophages into alternately activated M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory effects, which is essential for the wound healing phase [127]

Two studies using near-infrared spectrometry in healthy older adults have found supplementing with 20 mg PQQ daily for 12 weeks resulted in increased brain blood flow as well as increased oxygen utilization

Cell surface integrin receptors on OLs such as 1 integrin interact with ECM ligands on axons to amplify growth factor signaling, regulating the survival of pre-myelinating and myelinating OLs, increasing myelin membrane formation, influencing axonal selection for myelination in an diameter-dependent manner, and regulating myelin gene translation 155,156,157,158,159,160