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4-HNE protein adducts were detected by an anti 4-HNE protein adduct antibody (1:2000, AB5605, Millipore) in Tris-buffer saline with 5% skim milk, and ECL (GE Healthcare)

To create the ultra-small Au nanoparticles, HAuCl4 was added to the methanol solution of CDCZ in an ice-water bath with stirring, then NaBH4 was added to convert Au (III) to Au (0) [12]

According to liver research, up to 50% of cirrhosis-associated deaths are due to alcohol abuse in the US. In cirrhosis, the normal soft liver tissue is distorted by fibrotic bands and nodules of hard scar tissue

Together, these findings demonstrate that ferroptosis is induced in experimental diabetic nephropathy through the effect of TGF-1 and that treatment with Fer-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, attenuated kidney cell death in diabetic mice (Fig