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In surrogate tissues, bio-markers of biologic events with the potential to lead to harm among smokers include leukocytosis, HPRT mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and changes in circulating lymphocytes

In fact, nicotine gum is considered a moderately effective tool for quitting smoking, increasing the chances of quitting by 5060%

Bradford Hill of the British Medical Research Council created a sophisticated statistical technique to document the association between rising rates of lung cancer and increasing numbers of smokers

Cancer Lett 292:237245 Siegmund B, Leitner E, Pfannhauser W (1999) Determination of the nicotine content of various edible nightshades (Solanaceae) and their products and estimation of the associated dietary nicotine intake