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Effects of pineal peptide preparation Epithalamin on free-radical processes in humans and animals

To overcome this constraint, CNS-directed strategies often employ receptor-mediated transcytosis through engineered formats such as bispecific antibodies or brain-shuttle constructs targeting BBB receptors (e.g., TfR or insulin receptor) together with pathological targets such as A or tau, thereby improving brain delivery compared with conventional antibodies (Terstappen et al., 2021)

This excitotoxicity is not limited to cortical areas but also occurs in subcortical structures like the IC, where salicylate-induced neuronal hyperactivity and oxidative injury are closely linked to NMDA receptor-mediated mechanisms (Wang et al., 2023)

2.00% (max)