lingual melanotic macules PDF) macule Differential Diagnosis of Pigmented Lesions

Mitochondrial dysfunction can drive senescence via reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation [68, 69], and Tat ( morphine) perturbs mitochondrial function, increasing ROS, protein oxidation, and cytokine release in microglia [60, 70]

Limitations include reliance on animal models (e.g., germ-free mice) that do not fully mimic human physiology, small human cohorts, and variable sequencing methods leading to non-reproducible taxa changes

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Chemically composed of three amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine it helps neutralize harmful free radicals, supports liver function, and maintains the integrity of cells and tissues